An enhanced sense of presence is central to the use, and therefore the usefulness and profitability, of the new technologies mentioned above and others such as the video telephone, high definition television (HDTV), home and arcade video games, the World Wide Web (In the business world video conferencing has already begun to replace physical travel. Why examine the concept of presence? There are compelling practical and theoretical reasons. This paper is about the concept of presence: what it is, what is known about how it is generated and the effects it has on media users, and how it might be studied. Meanwhile, traditional media including the telephone, radio, film, and television continue to offer us a lesser sense of presence as well. Computers that “talk.” Although these emerging technologies are different in a number of ways, each of them (and many others) is designed to give the user a type of mediated experience that has never been possible before: one that seems truly “natural,”“immediate,”“direct,” and “real,” a mediated experience that seems very much like it is not mediated a mediated experience that creates for the user a strong sense of presence.
Finally, suggestions concerning future systematic research about presence are presented. Existing research and speculation about the factors that encourage or discourage a sense of presence in media users as well as the physiological and psychological effects of presence are then outlined. Six conceptualizations of presence found in a diverse set of literatures are identified and a detailed explication of the concept that incorporates these conceptualizations is presented. It begins by noting practical and theoretical reasons for studying this concept.
This article examines the key concept of presence. Traditional media such as the telephone, radio, television, film, and many others offer a lesser degree of presence as well. A number of emerging technologies including virtual reality, simulation rides, video conferencing, home theater, and high definition television are designed to provide media users with an illusion that a mediated experience is not mediated, a perception defined here as presence.
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